How to activation eScan ISS

Anti-virus solutions, anti-spam and security content that is comprehensive and secure the computer network from viruses, spyware, adware, malware keyloggers, hacking spam, phishing and content harmful interference with other digital real-time scanning and blocking websites pornography / gambling is already defined, rating or the site itself can be defined, and features a warning to change of name in indonesia if found the virus and others.

http://www.4shared.com/get/zq-kxmAe/Zakat_Calculator.html

How to Activate eScan iss:
1. Start-Programs-eScan for Windows-eScan Registration
2. Enter the license key on the page: "License Information of eScan," Ok "
3. On the "license information", select the new key is inserted
4. Click the "Add Activation Code"
5. Select "register Activation Code", click "Register"
6. Enter data on the page register Wizard ", click" Next "
7. Fill in "Purchased From" name with the PC companies that supply this.
8. When the Internet connected PC, select "Register Online Via", Click Next
9. eScan iss has activated for 1 year
10 If the PC does not connect to the Internet, select "Register Via Fax", click "Next"
11.Notepad (Fax Register.txt) can open, print or copy data
12.Fax to 024-8444132 or email to escan@ikin.co.id
13.Activation Code and how activation will be sent via fax / email
Without activation, functional sScan iss can only use up to 30 days post-installation

Tips Service at Home 4

"Why my CPU always OFF Short Time?"

One day my friend come to my home and She is talk to me about her computer. "Paps... why my CPU always off short time?", I'm very sad if my document can be save, cause it's turn on and for short time off again, by the way my computer is new and not second. Why? "Would you come to my home? and service that?", "Ohhh.. Ok" I said. and then I go with her. The CPU is The New Pentium IV 3Gb. Maybe it's my new service for that :
1. open the case and take a look everything normal
2. turn on the CPU and come to BIOS Setting but all normal too
3.Open the RAM and battery BIOS but it's doesn't make a different
4. I try to open all, and than I find very funny ....what' is that? cause one feet the fan of processor (cooling) is broke and the motherboard doesn't stuck normal. It's Everything loose.....
5. I open the fan and stuck the broke feet with plastic rope for service and stuck the motherboard so doesn't loose again
6. Turn on the CPU, and she is smile, of course it's working normal
7. Thank's pap he said and pay me some money, bye...bye...baby...

Tips Service at Home 3

I confuse now ... , cause my friend in Garut always sms about his CPU is can't detect Harddisk and Floppy Disk. Cause I'm in Cimahi and my friend live in Garut, how can I service that ? but make a solution for him. I send sms like this :

1. Open the case
2. open power cable from Powersupply which related to harddisk & Floppy disk
3. Try to make another power cable or the last one
4. Try to on again
5. Press del in keyboard
6. Look at the bios setting are the harddisk can be detected?
7. If it doesn't, find harddisk detected in bios setting and press enter
8. Save and Exit
9. Good luck .....

Tips Service at Home 2

The Computer is Blank?!!

Some day I invited to my best friend, His name Salman, but he's look like unhappy in his face. I try to know what's happening ? And he said cause his computer was "death and blank". Ooh, I see that. And so I repaired step by step :
1. Open the case and try turn on but always not respond
2. open the RAM (Random Access Memory) and not responding too.
3. Open the cable of PS (Power Supply) from motherboard
4. See in the cable I try to bypass the black cable and green cable, And I see the fan in PS is OK
5. Ok, I knew that and rebuilding again his computer like the last one
6. Hey... Salman buy a bios battery for that and change the old battery
7. After that the computer is on and he is very happy ...... Smile.....

Monitor

How will I submit that is, the CRT monitor that looks blurry, too bright and less bright. Display image in the monitor screen is basically influenced by the number of components and series, including; RGB, fly-back, choke, degauss. But the tips I submit only the Fly-back, remember the tips this is urgent.
The first step is to prepare a practical means of support, including; screwdriver + and -, and testpen brush (if needed to clean the innards monitor).
Position behind the monitor to open the body to remove the monitor with all mur, images can be viewed below (if you are diligent child can be cleaned while you brush with the innards monitor).
Essential waspadai you and try not to touch the cable is from the fly-back you stick to the tube monitor (both off the monitor let alone being on), the picture you can see below.
Fly-back has 2 fruit trimpot (round shapes such as the audio volume) to 15 "down, and 3 fruit trimpot to 17" and upwards. Among them, focus and screen (also applies to 3 trimpot).
Trimpot with focus diadjust name (set with the play) to get a clear picture, while the trimpot with a screen name diadjust to set the light-dark display on the monitor screen, the image can be seen below.
During the trimpot adjust screen and focus on fly-back, the monitor must be in direct view on the changes to the image.
Insyaalloh any posts about the next computer monitor repair, when the focus and screen trimpot on the fly-back is not able diadjust.

Printer Service

Head Epson & Canon Service

"By the way, some times we are boring to our printer. 'cause we need to print but our printer does'nt print normal. I try to find solution for that and I have it:

• If your printer head is canon pixma like IP 1300, 1700, 1800 or another, you should take a catridge and put in to hot (warm) water in media like a small plate and just only head printer and after that cleared with tissue and then reffil again and cleared again until the ink stop out from head. Carefully do not clearing head & chip electronic catridge with hand, just only with tissue like you clearing your hurt. Do you understand? well I have film for solution epson & canon head service from my friend, just watching this ........

Tips Service at Home

Almost I Served my client, its can be hard or easy
I want to share for you The easy Tips when your computer is blank.

1. Open the case
   
2. take memory and put again
3. please turn on if monitor doesn't view listen the bell (litle speaker) in your computer
   
4. If the voice beep of bell longing for listen, turn of your computer and return step 2
5. If the voice of bell one beep its succes for you
   
6. If your computer stop to process window and be a mesengger cmos klik del in your keyboard and get in setting bios
7. please make your choice in "Load Setup Default"
   
8. Save and Exit
9. Well, if you have another problem after that, send your problem for me and I will give you another solution, ok? Good luck !!

Advanced Building

"It's very easy for building computer or CPU but you must carefully for this. Of course You can get it and I wish for you make experience how to building and don't feel much afraid for trying. On the way I have a movie to make easy learn or studying to building computer, just watching this film and don't forget to watching step by step.... OK?"

Custom Search

How to build in The Computer

Custom Search

Build in computer components available in the market with a variety of quality and price options. Up with their own computer, we can determine the type of components, capabilities and facilities of the computer according usefuly.The step in computer assembly comprising:

A. Preparation
B. Assembly
C. Tests
D. Handling Problems

Preparation

Preparation that will facilitate both in computer assembly and avoid problems that may be related apear. This preparation include:

1. Computer Configuration determination
2. Kompunen preparation and equipment
3. Security
Computer Configuration determination

Configuring a computer hooked to the determination of the type of components and features of the computer and how all components can work as a computer system according to the desire us. The components starting from the type of processor, motherboard and other components. The suitability or compatibility of the components of the motherboard should be, because every type of motherboard supports the type of processor, memory module, and port I / O bus are different.

Components and Equipment Preparation

Computer equipment and its components for the assembly is prepared for the first assembly for easy assembly. Equipment that consists of:

• Computer components
• The components such as cable, screw, jumpers, bolts and so forth
• Books and reference manual component
• Hearing aids such as Philips and flat screwdriver

Software operating system, device drivers and application programs.

Manual as a reference for the position to known layout picture of the connection elements (connectors, ports and slots) and the element configuration (jumpers and switch) and the way jumpers and switch settings for a computer or CD build in .Diskette Software needed to install the Operating System, device driver from the tools, programs and applications on the computer that built finished.

Security

Security measures needed to avoid problems such as damage to the components by static electricity load, fall, summer or excessive spillage gell.To preventive damage due to the way static electricity:

• Use anti-static bracelet or touching the surface of the metal casing before handling components to remove static load
• Not directly touching electronic components, connectors, or channels, but hold on a series of metal or plastic bodies that are on the component.
  

Assembly

Stages of assembly process on the computer consists of:

1. Preparing the motherboard
2. Installing processor
3. Installing heatsinks
4. Installing Memory Module
5. install the motherboard on the casing
6. Install Power Supply
7. Install motherboard cable and Casing
8. Install Drive
9. Install card Adapter
10. Finishing End

1. Preparing the motherboard
Check the motherboard manual to find out the position of jumpers for the CPU speed, speed multiplier and input voltage to the motherboard. Set the jumpers according to the settings, set the jumpers wrong voltage can damage the processor.

2. Installing processor

Processor is easier to install the motherboard before occupying casing. How to install the processor socket and the slot type socket berbeda.Jenis

1. Specify the position of pin 1 on the processor and the processor socket on the motherboard, usually located on
the corner marked with a dot, triangle, or indentation.
2. Stand up position lock lever to open the socket.
3. To enter the processor socket with a first coordinate position foot-foot hole with a processor socket. Pusht
slowly and hold until there is no rift between the processor socket.
4. Lower lock lever back.

Slot Type

1. Place buffer (bracket) at the end of the two slots on the motherboard so that the position of spindle hole to meet
with the hole in the motherboard
2. Insert the bolt and lock bolt hole on the spindle

Insert the card between the processor and the second storm to hit right into the hole slot.

3. Installing heatsinks

Heatsinks function is to remove heat generated by the processor through the heat conduction from the processor to optimize the transfer of heat heatsink.For the meeting must be installed heatsinks on the top of the processor with the clip as some of the contacts on the surface coated heatsinks gen . If heatsinks with fan the power connector on the fan is connected to the fan connectors on the motherboard.

4. Installing Memory Module

Generally, the memory modules installed sequentially from the smallest number socket. The sequence can be seen from the diagram motherboard.Every type of memory module that is SIMM, DIMM and RIMM could be the position of indentation on the side and down on the modul.The rule to install each type of memory module as follows.
SIMM Type

1. Adjust the position of indentation on the module with the bulge in the slot.
2. Insert the module by creating a sloping 45 degree angle to the slot
3. Take care and push the module straight up to the slot, the slot in the lever lock will automatically lock the
module.

Type DIMM, and RIMM

How to install a DIMM and RIMM modules together and there is only one way so it will not be reversed because there are two curvature as a guide. DIMM and RIMM at the different indentation

1. laying hook fastener on the end of the slot
2. adjust the position of indentation on the module with the connector slot at the bulge. and enter the module to the
slot.
3. take the lock for automatically locks the module in the slot when the module is installed right.


5. Installing the Motherboard Casing

The motherboard is installed to the casing with a screw and holder (standoff). How installation as follows:

1. Specify the position of each hole for the plastic and metal holder. Hole to the metal holder (metal spacer) are
marked with a ring on the hole edge.
2. Place holder metal or plastic tray on the casing in accordance with the position of the holder of each hole on the
motherboard.
3. Place the motherboard on the casing so the tray holder out of the hole on the motherboard. Place the bolt lock
on each metal holder.
4. Place the frame port I / O (I / O sheild) on the motherboard if you have one.
5. Place the tray casing which is mounted on the motherboard and the casing with a bolt lock.

6. Install Power Supply

Some type of casing is equipped with power supply. When the power supply has not been included so installation is as follows:

1.Enter the power supply on the shelves in the back of the casing. To four pairs of screw fastening.
2.Connect the power connector from the power supply to the motherboard. ATX power connector type has only
one way so that the installation will not be reversed. For this type of non ATX connector with two separate cables
and cable-ground black must be placed and installed in the middle of the motherboard power connector.
Connect the power cord for the fan, if the CPU fan for cooling.

7. Install motherboard cable and Casing

After casing the motherboard installed in the next step is installing the cable I / O panel on the motherboard and the casing.

• Connect the data cable for the floppy drive connector on the floppy controller on the motherboard
• Connect the cable to the IDE connector on the IDE primary and secondary on the motherboard
• For non-ATX motherboard. Connect serial cable and parallel port connectors on the motherboard. Note the position of pin 1 to install.
• On the back of the casing there is a hole to install the additional types of non-port slot. Open the lock plate screw hole is closed land get in port connector that is installed and you want to install the screw again.
• When the mouse is not yet available port on the back of the card casing mouse connectors must be installed ago associated with the mouse connector on the motherboard.
• Relationships cable connector from the switch panel in the front casing, LED, speaker and internal port that is attached in front of the casing when the motherboard to have. Check the motherboard diagram to find the exact location of the plug.
  

8. Install Drive

Procedure to install disk drives, floppy, CD ROM, CD-RW or DVD is the same as follows:

1. Dislodged pelet cover the drive bay (for space on the drive casing)
2. Enter from the front drive bay with the first set the jumpers settings (as master or slave) on the drive.
3. Adjust the position of screw holes in the drive and install the screw casing ago brace drive.
4. Connect the IDE cable connector to the drive and plug in the motherboard (primary connector is used first)
5. Repeat steps 1 trough 4 for each of the drive.
6. When the cable is connected to the IDE drive make sure that the difference between du jumpers setting both the
first drive set as master and the other as slave.
7. Secondary IDE connector on the motherboard can be used to connect two additional drives.
8. Floppy drives connected to a special connector on the motherboard floppy

RT / RW Net Program

Alhamdulillah we have been making the Internet cheaper in the environment in the Suaka Indah - Cimahi - West Java - Indonesia. Provider name is SICC or Suaka Indah Cimahi Cyber. SICCnet.ning.com with the website or sicyber.blogspot.com, For people who live in Suaka Indah if You want to join us, please come to Jl. Gajah I No. 6 RT 01 RW 12 (Fath COM). And Just only buy Rp.550.000 for the equipment and pay the first month & Rp.150.000 / month you can using & playing the internet unlimitted.

Architecture RT / RW Net

According to the calculation of our capital with about 30 will get jt 10 jt of income each month with the number of users more than 50 users. If the opinion of the business we're in this business that is very interesting.
What business is considered to be interesting:

1. Internet access at this time is very expensive, we compare it with the public provider
2. Trend information for a community are now good.
3. Build community in the environment, thus creating a market wide enough to start another
business.

Tips we get in motherboard

The CPU you choose determines the type of motherboard you need. Choose a Socket 478 Pentium 4 or a Socket A Athlon motherboard. With fast Socket 478 and Socket A processors available at very low prices, there is no point in buying into older technology, even though motherboards and processors using that technology may remain available.

Buy a motherboard that uses the right chipset

For a single Pentium 4 or Celeron processor, choose a motherboard that uses an Intel 845-, 865-, or 875-series chipset, depending on your budget and priorities. For a single Athlon processor, choose a motherboard that uses an nVIDIA nForce2-series chipset. For a dual-processor Athlon MP system, choose a motherboard that uses the AMD 760-MPX chipset. We have not tested any dual-Xeon systems, and so cannot make specific recommendations for them.

Make sure the motherboard supports the exact processor you plan to use

Just because a motherboard claims that it supports a particular processor doesn't mean that it supports all members of that processor family. For example, some motherboards support the Pentium 4 processor, but only slower models. Other motherboards support fast Pentium 4s, but not slower Pentium 4s or Celerons. Similarly, many motherboards support the Athlon with a 200 or 266 MHz FSB, but not Athlon models that use a 333 MHz or 400 MHz FSB. Make sure the motherboard supports the exact processor you plan to use, before you buy it.

Choose a board with flexible host bus speed

Choose a motherboard that supports at least the settings you need now and expect to need for the life of the board. For example, even if you install a 400 MHz FSB Celeron initially, you should choose a motherboard that supports Pentium 4 processors using the 400, 533, and 800 MHz FSB speeds. Similarly, even if you plan to install an inexpensive 266 MHz Athlon at first, you should choose a motherboard that supports the full range of Athlon FSB speeds—200, 266, 333, and 400 MHz. Boards that offer a full range of hostbus speeds, ideally in small increments, give you the most flexibility. If you intend to overclock your system, make sure the motherboard offers multiple choices of hostbus speed (again, the smaller the increments, the better) and allows you to set CPU voltage, ideally over a wide range in 0.05-volt increments.

Make sure the board supports the type and amount of memory you need

Any new motherboard you buy should use DDR-SDRAM. PC2100 memory is still sold new, although it is now used only in the least-expensive systems. PC2700 memory is mainstream, and likely to remain so until DDR-II memory becomes widely available. PC3200 memory, which as late as early 2003 we expected to remain a technical curiosity, was legitimized by the Intel 865- and 875-series chipsets, but PC3200 memory remains difficult and expensive to produce relative to PC2700 memory, and is therefore likely to be used only in systems for which memory performance is a high priority. Even so, we recommend choosing a motherboard that supports at least PC2700 and PC3200 memory.

Do not make assumptions about how much memory a motherboard supports. A motherboard has a certain number of memory slots and the literature may state that it accepts memory modules up to a specific size, but that doesn't mean you can necessarily install the largest supported module in all of the memory slots. For example, a motherboard may have four memory slots and accept 512 MB DIMMs, but you may find that you can use all four slots only if you install 256 MB DIMMs. Memory speed may also come into play. For example, a particular motherboard may support three or four rows of PC2700 memory, but only one or two rows of PC3200 memory.

Also, chipsets and motherboards vary in terms of how much memory of different types they support. For example, the Intel 845 chipset supports up to 3 GB of SDR-SDRAM, but only up to 2 GB of DDR-SDRAM. Registered versus unbuffered memory may also be an issue. For example, although Tyan recommends (and we concur) that you use only Registered DDR-SDRAM with its S2460 Tiger MP dual-Athlon board, some have reported that the Tiger MP does work properly with unbuffered memory, but only if you limit it to one DIMM.

Nor do all motherboards necessarily support the full amount of memory that the chipset itself supports, even if there are sufficient memory sockets to do so. Always check to determine exactly what combinations of memory sizes, types, and speeds are supported by a particular motherboard.

For a general-purpose system, support for 512 MB of RAM is acceptable, and 1 GB is better. For a system that will be used for memory-intensive tasks such as professional graphics, make sure the motherboard supports at least 1 GB of RAM, and 2 GB or more is better.

Although you may be able to find a new motherboard that supports migrating existing memory from the old motherboard, it's usually not a good idea to do so unless that older memory is current—i.e., PC2700 DDR-SDRAM or better. Memory is cheap, and it seldom makes sense to base a new motherboard purchase decision on the ability to salvage a relatively small amount of old, slow memory

Avoid hybrid motherboards

Every time there's a change in memory technology, some manufacturers make motherboards that accept both the old and new types of memory. During the transition from SDR to DDR memory, such hybrid motherboards were common. We expect to see hybrid DDR/DDR-II motherboards when DDR-II memory begins shipping in volume. We think buying a hybrid motherboard is usually a mistake, both because we've yet to see one that worked well with both types of memory, and because hybrid motherboards are often problematic in other respects as well. Motherboards are relatively inexpensive. If you want to use DDR-SDRAM, buy a DDR-SDRAM motherboard. In a couple of years, when DDR-II memory becomes available, if you want to use DDR-II memory, buy a native DDR-II motherboard. The advantages of new memory technologies are seldom compelling enough to make it worthwhile to compromise on a hybrid. Wait until second-generation motherboards are available for the new memory technology.

Check documentation, support, and updates

Before you choose a brand or model of motherboard, check the documentation and support available for it, as well as the available BIOS and driver updates. Some people think that a motherboard that has many available patches and updates must be a bad motherboard. Not so. Frequent patch and update releases indicate that the manufacturer takes support seriously. We recommend to friends and clients that they give great weight to—and perhaps even base their buying decisions on—the quality of the web site that supports the motherboard.

Buy a motherboard with the proper form factor

If you are building a new system, choose an ATX motherboard that best meets your needs, and then buy an ATX case and power supply to hold it. For most purposes, a full-size ATX motherboard is the best choice. If system size is a major consideration, a micro-ATX or FlexATX motherboard may be a better choice, although using the smaller form factor has several drawbacks, notably giving up one or two expansion slots and making it more difficult to route cables and cool the system.

The preceding issues are always important in choosing a motherboard. But there are many other motherboard characteristics to keep in mind. Each of them may be critical for some users and of little concern to others. These characteristics include:

Expansion slots

Any motherboard you buy will provide some PCI expansion slots, but motherboards differ in how many slots they provide. Three PCI slots is marginal, four adequate, and five or more preferable. Integrated motherboards—those with embedded video, sound, and/or LAN—can get by with fewer PCI slots. Using ISA slots should be avoided at all costs, so the number of ISA slots is largely immaterial. Having an AGP 2.0 or 3.0 slot (4X or 8X) is a definite plus, even if the motherboard includes embedded video. Many recent motherboards include an Audio-Modem Riser (AMR) slot or Communications and Networking Riser (CNR) slot, the sole purpose of which is to allow system manufacturers to embed low-end audio and communications functions cheaply. Very few AMR and CNR components are commercially available, so the presence or absence of an AMR or CNR slot is immaterial, except in that the space occupied by an AMR or CNR slot is much better used to provide another PCI slot.

Warranty

It may seem strange to put something generally regarded as so important in a secondary category, but the truth is that warranty should not be a major issue for most users. Motherboards generally work or they don't. If a motherboard is going to fail, it will likely do so right out of the box or within a few days of use. In practical terms, the vendor's return policy is likely to be more important than the manufacturer's warranty policy. Look for a vendor who replaces DOA motherboards quickly, preferably by cross-shipping the replacement.

VIRUS for FLASHDISK

In the world, especially in Indonesia, most of the virus occurred through the Flash Disk. There are 2 ways a virus can spread through the flash disk.

Ways First, the virus spread in a way to write the file "autorun.inf" in the root directory of the Flash Disk. This result when get in Flash Disk to the USB socket, Windows will direct the execution of the program referred to by the file "autorun.inf" is. As a result, the virus is running, and your computer is contagious.

Both ways, the way infectious virus hides the folders in the Flash Disk, and then reproduce themselves with the same name and icon are the same as the folder icon. As a result, users are less careful men-rather than double-click the folder you want opened, even a double-click-virus program.

According to me, the way of the first of the more serious of the two ways. The way of the second requires active interaction from the user (that is, double-click), and if the user is careful (for example, always use the "Details" mode), then a small possibility the virus will be execution.

The way of the first, otherwise, does not require user interaction at all. If Autorun feature on, then the action just get in Flash Disk into the USB socket will execute the virus. Indeed, the user can prevent Autorun runs with holding down the Shift key, but we can forget, or we down fingers, and finally ... virus become to our computer. In addition, if we open our Flash Disk through the My Computer with a double-click ... autorun.inf will remain only in the execution.

Given the risk of transmission is very large, why do not we prevent the spread of vectors development only? Or in other words, we try Flash Disk so that we are not contracting the virus since the beginning.

How? After research, I can share the strategy of prevention to be several levels / level:

* Level 1 Prevention: Preventing the creation autorun.inf
* Prevention Level 2: Prevent folder deletion with protective Unicode
* Prevention Level 3: Preventing a folder protector erased with the "folder is not deleted"

The other way :

It is a good idea you turn off this facility, how: 1. Run regedit. 2. Go to the key "HKCU \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Policies \ Explorer". 3. Search DWORD "NoDriveTypeAutoRun". 4. Content Value data with the number "95". 5. And then come in to the key "HKLM \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Policies \ Explorer". 6. Search DWORD "NoDriveTypeAutoRun". 7. Content Value data with the number "95". 8. Restart the computer back.
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var googleSearchPath = "/cse";

THE COMPUTER

A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a product. This term is also used in the different advancements of computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and memory of computers has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.

The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years)
The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable. In 1946two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the mechanical switches of the Mark I. The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, which took up a lot of space and gave off a great deal of heat just like light bulbs do. The ENIAC led to other vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer).

The vacuum tube was an extremely important step in the advancement of computers. Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison and worked very similar to light bulbs. It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch. Without any moving parts, vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger (amplify it). Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly (switch). These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible.

The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic air conditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still overheated regularly. It was time for something new.
The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor)
The transistor computer did not last as long as the vacuum tube computer lasted, but it was no less important in the advancement of computer technology. In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever. This invention was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.

There were obvious differences between the transisitor and the vacuum tube. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand and glass. Therefore they were very cheap to produce. Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes. They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes. Their use marked a new beginning for the computer. Without this invention, space travel in the 1960's would not have been possible. However, a new invention would even further advance our ability to use computers.
The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits - Miniaturizing the Computer)
Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer. However no one could predict that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a small space. The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently discovered the amazing attributes of integrated circuits. Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably.

Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled every two years, shrinking both the size and cost of computers even further and further enhancing its power. Most electronic devices today use some form of integrated circuits placed on printed circuit boards-- thin pieces of bakelite or fiberglass that have electrical connections etched onto them -- sometimes called a mother board.

These third generation computers could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. The size of these machines dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Yet, the single biggest advancement in the computer era was yet to be discovered.
The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor)
This generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithic integrated circuits(millions of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale computer). By putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speeds could be reached by computers. Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers.

However what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers and its significant impact on our lives is the invention of the microprocessor. Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyce's new company) invented a chip the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the computing and logic work of a computer. The microprocessor was made to be used in calculators, not computers. It led, however, to the invention of personal computers, or microcomputers.

It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer for personal use. One of the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800 computer kit. In 19751977 the Apple II was sold to the public and in 1981 IBMPC (personal computer) market. you could purchase this kit and put it together to make your own personal computer. In entered the

Today we have all heard of Intel and its Pentium^® Processors and now we know how it all got started. The computers of the next generation will have millions upon millions of transistors on one chip and will perform over a billion calculations in a single second. There is no end in sight for the computer movement.